Questions: You should be able to answer the following questions: Not all will appear on the exam. What is the three-part definition of farming given in lecture (give best answer)?
What are some of the important potential consequences of farming? What are the reasons behind
these potential consequences?
What is the fundamental ecological problem inherent in farming? What are two solutions to this
problem (from lecture) (give best answer)?
Compare and Contrast horticulture and agriculture. To what inherent problem is each of these
niches a solution?
How do horticulture and agriculture differ in terms of farming methods and strategies, types and
variety of crops, land requirements, level of effort, population density, carrying capacity,
sustainability, innovation, and implications for how society is organized?
Why do horticulturalists typically plant a variety of crops? Why is “burning” so important in
horticulture? What is the fallow period and why is it important?
What specific problem did Enga farmers face and what were the ways they addressed it?
You should know the three horticultural systems we went over in lecture well enough to identify it
from a description. These three are Yukpa, Enga, and indigenous farmers of the Connecticut River
Valley.
What are the typical characteristics or consequences specifically associated with permanent field
agriculture?
What are the three most important goals of irrigation systems? What environmental factors are
most significant in determining the characteristics of an irrigation system?
You should be able to identify the irrigation systems that we studied: the Nile Valley (Egypt),
Mesopotamia (Sumer), the Valley of Mexico (Aztec), and the city of Chan Chan (Chimu). How did
the systems differ in their goals, the region’s hydrology and topography, major crops, infrastructure,
and sustainability?
What are some of the ecologically significant characteristics of cities and states?
In the reading “The Destruction of the Forests” what does the author (David Attenborough) identify
as the cause
of the deforestation of the lands surrounding the Mediterranean in the 15th and 16th centuries?
What are the three factors that make up the “epidemiological triad?”
What are some important diseases caused by vitamin deficiencies?
What category of disease is considered the most important present and future threat to human
health and is most often directly linked to human environmental impacts? What are some
examples from this category of diseases?
What are some measures that have been taken to try to prevent or limit future outbreaks?
What made the peasantry of medieval Europe susceptible to leprosy? What precaution should
present-day Americans take to prevent contracting leprosy?
What are four ecologically sound practices to reduce the chance of infection by Lyme disease?
What are four ecologically sound practices to reduce the chance of infection by West Nile Virus?
For each of three broad human niches (hunter-gatherers, village farmers, and preindustrial city
dwellers) how and why do general patterns of disease vary (i.e., what kinds of diseases are rare,
what kinds are common, and why?)
How does the current Covid-19 pandemic exemplify the important of the cultural environment in
the ecology of disease?
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