MN502 DISCUSSION PEER REPLIES – Description
Hello I just need one reply to each peer’s initial post, I am including their responses below as well as my own initial post, thank you, Each reply should have references and at least 300 words.
Shanna: Middle range theories are more specific than grand theories and function “to describe, explain, or predict phenomena and, unlike grand theory, they must be explicit and testable” (McEwen & Wills, 2023, p.230). Middle range theories in nursing help to further the profession by supporting and framing evidence-based research and practice. Self-efficacy is one middle range theory that can be applied in nursing and outside of nursing. The self-efficacy middle range theory was developed in 1977 by Albert Bandura and was later applied to nursing practice in 2002 by Elizabeth Lenz and Lillie Shortridge-Baggett (McEwen & Wills, 2023).
Self-efficacy was defined by Bandura (1986) as “people’s judgments of their capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performances” (p.391). Bandura (1977) theorized that self-efficacy depends on behavior and characteristics of a person as well as their environment. Bandura further theorized that self-efficacy was predictive of a person’s ability to cope and display resilience and their willingness to engage in certain behaviors.
In nursing, self-efficacy theory has been applied to many different facets, from patient care and education, nursing student education, and nursing leadership. In patient care, self-efficacy is often a goal for patients as a mean to encourage independence and health-seeking behaviors. Lenz & Shortridge-Baggett (2002) added to Bandura’s theory by identifying other variables that can impact self-efficacy, including age and culture. These are very important variables from a health and nursing standpoint and should be included in full health assessments. Self-efficacy can be applied in advanced practice nursing roles as a useful measurement tool to gauge a patient’s ability and motivation to comply with treatments. Self-reporting of strength in performing a health-promoting task was found to be a reliable measurement of self-efficacy by Lenz & Shortridge-Baggett (2002). Identifying a patient’s level of self-efficacy can help accurately gauge the amount of assistance a patient may need. If a patient’s self-efficacy is low, it may be crucial to involve other interdisciplinary professionals, such as social workers, physical therapists, or occupational therapists.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191
Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Prenctice Hall.
Lenz, E. R., & Shortridge-Baggett, L. M. (2002). Self-efficacy in nursing: Research and measurement perspectives. Springer Pub.
McEwen, M., & Wills, E. M. (2023). Theoretical basis for nursing. Wolters Kluwer.
Anna:Middle range nursing theories are more focused and specific compared to grand range nursing theories. In the title of middle range theory is usually the concept the theorists discusses. A few examples of middle range theories are Theory of Chronic Sorrow, Successful Aging, and Benner’s Novice to Expert. There are many theories that link to non-nursing such as Theory of Comfort by Katharine Kolcaba. The Theory of Comfort was developed in the 1990s and has been used in nursing, research, and education (Ali, 2022).
The Theory of Comfort is described to provide comfort in order for healing to occur in patients. Comfort means to be free from pain or distress. According to Kolcaba, “comfort is described as a relief, ease and transcendence and comfort can occur in the following contexts: Physical, psycho-spiritual, environment, and sociocultural” (Ali, 2022). When the comfort needs are met patients have a sense of relief (Ali, 2022). Patients are at ease when their is a calming environment (Ali, 2022). Transcendence occurs when a patient has pushed through any barriers (Ali, 2022). Nurses are trained to provide comfort to their patients whether it’s providing them pain medication after surgery. Comfort could occur when a nurse is consoling a family member due to an unexpected death. Comfort occurs in multiple different environments and situations not just in nursing. Being able to comfort someone can be used in anyone’s everyday life.
The Theory of Comfort is used by APRNs to provide comfort to their patients and help promote better patient outcomes. Patients that feel at ease or all basic needs are met are able to heal faster and feel they received overall excellent care.
References
ASHIQ ALI, A. (2022). Comparison of Two Nursing Theories Orem’s Theory of Self-Care Deficit & Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory. Journal on Nursing, 12(2), 34–40. https://doi-org.libauth.purdueglobal.edu/10.26634/jnur.12.2.18958
Lin, Y., Zhou, Y., & Chen, C. (2023). Interventions and practices using Comfort Theory of Kolcaba to promote adults’ comfort: an evidence and gap map protocol of international effectiveness studies. Systematic Reviews, 12(1), 1–10. https://doi-org.libauth.purdueglobal.edu/10.1186/s13643-023-02202-8
My initial reply post:Theories in Research and Practice
By incorporating the elements from the Psychology uncertainty theory, Merle Mishel’s Theory of Uncertainty in Illness, a middle-range nursing theory, establishes a connection with a non-nursing theory. The Theory of Uncertainty in Illness states that when individuals face either health issues or illness, they experience Uncertainty regarding the significance of the ailment, its repercussions, and the efficacy of prospective therapies. (Little et al., 2022). This theory highlights how individuals respond intellectually and emotionally when they come across unfamiliar aspects of their illness. Mishel categorizes Uncertainty into two forms: the initial form pertains to a limited comprehension of current circumstances, while the subsequent form, referred to as future Uncertainty, and which encompasses the unforeseeable consequences that await.
The connection between the Theory of Uncertainty in Illness and the uncertainty theory in psychology is apparent. The psychological concept of the uncertainty theory, developed by Charles E. Osgood and his associates, explains how individuals navigate situations characterized by vagueness and unforeseen events in various aspects of their lives. (Hoey & MacKinnon, 2019). Mishel applied the Theory of Uncertainty to illness and healthcare to examine how individuals manage the Uncertainty linked to their health conditions.
The intermediate-level nursing theory carries significant ramifications for research and specialized nursing procedures. Nurses can employ the Theory of Ambiguity in Sickness to steer their evaluation and interventions while tending to patients confronting uncertainties regarding their health (Wolfensbergeret al., 2019). By acknowledging and tackling Ambiguity’s cognitive and emotional dimensions of Ambiguity, nurses can aid patients in cultivating adaptive mechanisms, enhancing their decision-making capabilities, and augmenting their overall state of welfare.
The theory, in nursing research offers a foundation for exploring the encounters of individuals who face chronic illnesses, diagnostic procedures, or treatments. Scientists can analyze how Uncertainty affects patients’ overall health, adherence to treatment plans, and choices concerning their medical treatment. By obtaining a deeper comprehension of the complex links between Uncertainties, coping strategies utilized by patients, and their ultimate health outcomes, nursing studies have the potential to make noteworthy contr-developing evidence-based interventions and improving the movement of overall patient care quality. With this knowledge, healthcare professionals can strive for more efficient and empathetic patient support.
In conclusion, the Theory of Uncertainty in Illness offers a valuable structure for nursing theories to broaden their perspectives and adopt ideas from different realms. Acknowledging the inherent intricacy of the healthcare journey, it becomes evident that achieving complete comprehension is extremely difficult. Nevertheless, by incorporating perspectives and expertise from diverse fields like psychology, sociology, and anthropology, nursing can progress and enhance its ability to assist individuals during periods of sickness and unpredictability effectively. This multidisciplinary approach fosters a comprehensive and patient-focused care model, empowering nurses to navigate the complex obstacles individuals encounter and promote improved health results.
References
Hoey, J., & MacKinnon, N. J. (2019). “Conservatives Overfit, Liberals Underfit”: The Social-Psychological Control of Affect and Uncertainty. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.03106.
Little, M., Jordens, C. F., Paul, K., Montgomery, K., & Philipson, B. (2022). Liminality: A major category of the experience of cancer illness. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 19(1), 37-48.
Wolfensberger, P., Hahn, S., Van Teijlingen, E., & Thomas, S. (2019). Uncertainty in illness among people with mental ill health: A nursing perspective. British Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 8(4), 181-187.
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