Concorde Career College Active Innate Immunity Case Study – Description
Expectations
Length: A minimum of 180 words, not including references
Citations: At least one high-level scholarly reference in APA from within the last 5 years (Please avoid using the same reference from the original topic.)
A 25-year-old male presents with chronic sinusitis and allergic rhinitis.
Innate immunity constitutes the first line of defense from birth and does not need prior exposure to specific antigens. On the other hand, a person obtains acquired immunity through disease recovery or vaccinations (Abbas et al., 2018). It has a more specific response to pathogens and is characterized by the ability to recognize and remember different antigens. Moreover, innate response is fast and quick, while acquired takes longer time to response.
Active immunity refers to an effect where immunity to a pathogen occurs following exposure to all or a part of that pathogen. This process can either be natural after infective agent exposure or artificial through vaccination, where the immune response is stimulated by administering a weakened or inactivated form of the pathogen or its antigens into the body. Passive immunity is considered when antibodies are introduced to a specific pathogen to generate an immune response (Abbas et al., 2018). Naturally, this happens when mothers transfer maternal antibodies to a fetus across the placenta. Still, it can also occur artificially, such as employing antibodies naturally possessed by another individual or animal.
Most allergies are hereditary and spread through genes from parents to children. The risk is significantly higher in children exposed before age one, when a parent with allergy raises their children’s chances by 75% (Sicherer & Sampson, 2018). It has also been established that some people carry a genetic variation leading to allergies when exposed to the right allergens. People carrying these genetic facts inherit a set of mainly autoimmune symptoms and generally cannot avoid or prevent those unknown allergens that cause them unpleasant experiences in everyday life.
The antigen-antibody interaction is a specific biochemical reaction between antibodies produced by B cells and antigens that occurs in the process of immune reaction. The antigen associates with the antibody, or the antigen combines with the antibody (Abbas et al., 2018). It is an association of substances called antigens which are generally foreign in the body and elicit an immune response – i.e., reactive processes, by means of interactions between antigens with or without antibodies or antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages.
The pathology of sinusitis is the inflammation of the paranasal sinuses that can be caused by a virus, bacterium, or even fungi infections or allergic reactions (Rosenfeld et al., 2021). It can be acute, less than four weeks or chronic. Chronic sinusitis disturbs patients for more than 6 weeks at a time known as long-term cases (Rosenfeld et al., 2021). Often, these are results of conditions such as deviated septum, polyps on the nasal cavity, or secondary bacterial Infection.
References
Abbas, A. K., Aster, J. C., Vinay Kumar, & Robbins, S. L. (2018). Robbins basic pathology. Elsevier.
Schmalbach, C. E., Brereton, J., Bowman, C., & Denneny, J. C. (2021). American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery/Foundation Reg‐ent Registry: Purpose, Properties, and Priorities. 164(5), 964–971. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599820984135
Sicherer, S. H., & Sampson, H. A. (2018). Food allergy: A review and update on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and management. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 141(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.003
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